A diplomacia do críquete

Em 16 de junho de 2019, aquando da Taça do Mundo de Críquete e na partida mais aguardada, entre as duas melhores equipas do mundo, a Índia ganhou ao Paquistão. Embora o encontro tenha sido pacífico e cortês, ele representa o teatro da velha rivalidade entre os dois Estados vizinhos.

O críquete é um desporto muito popular no Reino Unido e em todo o antigo Império Britânico, tendo o encontro decorrido de forma pacífica. Contudo, as situações crispam-se quando deixamos o domínio desportivo para abordar a delicada questão das fronteiras entre os dois países e as suas reivindicações territoriais. Muito recentemente, no passado mês de fevereiro, a temperatura aumentou e agitou a zona fronteiriça indo-paquistanesa, uma das mais sensíveis do planeta. As crises regulares entre os dois Estados são bem mais preocupantes do que as do Médio Oriente e mobilizam a atenção do mundo inteiro, dado que os desafios são consideráveis e os equilíbrios extraordinariamente precários. A população total dos dois países é mais importante que a da China e, detalhe não negligenciável, ambos detêm armas nucleares.

A origem do conflito

Mas por que razão as relações entre a Índia e o Paquistão são tão conflituosas? A origem da fratura nasce da oposição entre muçulmanos e hindus, que ameaçou, no século XIX a própria unidade do Império Britânico das Índias. Até lá o Islão foi a comunidade dominante na Índia, mas o Induísmo, maioritário na população, ganhou vantagem nas suas reivindicações nacionalistas. Os ingleses, então no poder, pensam como os romanos, que é preciso dividir para reinar, e preconizam a separação física das duas comunidades. Em 1947, quando a Coroa Britânica concede a independência às Índias cria dois Estados distintos: a Índia conserva a população hindu, e o Paquistão, criado a partir do Noroeste, acolhe a população muçulmana. Em termos teóricos a operação é fácil de ser executada, mas a realidade é bem mais complicada. Logo desde o início, os dois novos países marcam as diferenças. A Índia, que recupera todo o aparelho administrativo colonial inglês, declara-se laica, enquanto o Paquistão afirma a sua identidade religiosa.

O impasse de Caxemira

Esta divisão implica enormes deslocações de pessoas. Seis milhões de muçulmanos abandonam a Índia, enquanto quatro milhões se lhe juntam. Como nem sequer, aquando da divisão, as populações foram consultadas, estas transferências humanas geram múltiplas frustrações e os rancores exacerbam-se entre as duas comunidades, sendo que dezenas de milhares de mortos acompanham este movimento demográfico. Os teóricos da operação ficaram-se pelas generalidades e não previram os casos especiais como o de Caxemira. No extremo norte do continente indiano, esta região é estratégica, dado que tem importantes reservas de água na parte ocidental dos Himalaias e é também um Estado que beneficia de um estatuto especial desde a independência, com uma autonomia transitória, antes de fazer a sua escolha entre a Índia e o Paquistão. A população maioritariamente paquistanesa quer tornar-se, logicamente, paquistanesa, mas o príncipe que governa Caxemira é hindu e recusa a opção entre um dos países. Logo após a independência, a guerra estala entre indianos e paquistaneses e dura dois anos sem qualquer epílogo na resolução da situação, a não ser a divisão de Caxemira em duas. Após várias guerras e muitos incidentes, a situação continua num impasse, até porque a vizinha China se intrometeu nos anos 1960, anexando alguns territórios e tornando a questão ainda mais complexa.

Em busca de alianças

Atualmente os protagonistas têm exigências diferentes. A Índia quer recuperar a integralidade do território de Caxemira, reconhecendo, contudo, que existem problemas. O Paquistão e a China aliaram-se trocando territórios reivindicados pela Índia. Todos, porém, buscaram apoios para a respetiva causa. O Paquistão tornou-se aliado dos Estados Unidos, enquanto a Índia se aproximou de Moscovo. Contudo, com o tempo, as antigas alianças evoluíram e os Estados Unidos reaproximaram-se da Índia para contrariar a presença da Rússia. Quanto ao Paquistão, para além da China, encontrou novos aliados regionais na Turquia e Arábia Saudita, unidos pelo Islão sunita. Até hoje, nenhum compromisso foi alcançado entre a Índia e o Paquistão acerca de Caxemira. Porém, a internacionalização da questão permite evitar que o conflito degenere e, na procura de soluções, importa que os dois países não quebrem as relações e o contacto. É aqui que o desporto entra como o melhor aliado deste conflito, graças à diplomacia do críquete.

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